No. |
Question |
Answer |
| 1 | How was crude oil formed? | Remains of dead sea creatures. Buried underground.Subjected to heat and pressure. Over millions of years. |
| 2 | Crude oil is mainly a mixture of hydrocarbons. What are these? | Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen only. |
| 3 | How is crude oil separated into simpler mixtures? | By fractional distillation. (The various fractions have different boiling points) |
| 4 | What are the six main fractions separated from crude oil and what are they used for? | 1 Gases (Camping gas). 2 Gasoline (Petrol). 3 Kerosene (Paraffin and jet fuel). 4 Diesel oil (Fuel for lorries). 5 Fuel oil (Fuel for ships).6 Bitumen (Road surfacing) |
| 5 | Which fraction has the lowest boiling point? | 1 Gases. (It comes from the top of the fractionating column where it is coolest) |
| 6 | What happens to the fractions as you go down the fractionating column? | 1 Their molecules get longer. 2 They have a higher boiling point. 3 They get less flammable. 4 They get more viscous. 5 They get less volatile. |
| 7 | What is a fuel? | A substance that is burnt to provide energy. |
| 8 | What is another name for burning? | Combustion. |
| 9 | Burning is a type of oxidation reaction. What does this mean? | Oxygen is chemically added to the substance being burnt. |
| 10 | What causes the difference between complete combustion and incomplete combustion? | Complete combustion happens when the oxygen supply is good. Incomplete when it is poor. |
| 11 | What is produced by the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon? | Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy |
| 12 | Incomplete combustion produces a sooty flame. What is soot? | Particles of carbon in the flame. |
| 13 | What poisonous gas is produced by incomplete combustion? | Carbon monoxide (CO). |
| 14 | How can you prevent a gas fire from producing this gas? | By having it checked every year by a gas service engineer. |
| 15 | Incomplete combustion produces more energy ? true or false? | False. Incomplete combustion is less efficient and is dangerous! |
| 16 | The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mainly alkanes. What are the first four alkanes? | 1 Methane (CH4) 2 Ethane (C2H6) 3 Propane (C3H8) 4 Butane (C4H10) |
| 17 | Which of these has the highest boiling point and why? | Butane - it has the largest molecules. |
| 18 | What is another name for plastics? | Polymers. |
| 19 | What are the main uses for poly(ethene) or polythene? | Making plastic bags, plastic buckets and washing-up bowls. |
| 20 | What are the main uses of poly(propene)? | Making climbing ropes, carpets and school chairs |
| 21 | What are the main uses of poly(styrene)? | Expanded foam for packaging, plastic model kits |
| 22 | What are the main uses for poly(chloroethene) or PVC? | Making insulation for electrical wiring, window frames and guttering |
| 23 | Why are plastics hard to dispose of? | They do not rot (they are not biodegradable). |
| 24 | What are enzymes? | They are catalysts made by living things to speed up processes. |
| 25 | Why are enzymes added to biological washing powders? | They break down food and blood stains. |
| 26 | Give an example of how enzymes are used in food manufacture. | They are used to make the soft centres of some chocolates. |
| 27 | How are enzymes involved in yoghurt or cheese making? | Specially grown bacteria produce enzymes which turn milk into yoghurt or cheese. |
| 28 | What is a neutralisation reaction? | The reaction between an acid and a base (or alkali). |
| 29 | What sort of chemical compound is produced during a neutralisation reaction? | A salt. |
| 30 | Sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide produce which salt? | Potassium sulphate. |
| 31 | Nitric acid and ammonia produce which salt? | Ammonium nitrate. |
| 32 | What can salts with ammonium or nitrate in their name be used as? | Nitrogenous fertilisers. |
| 33 | What does thermal decomposition mean? | Breaking down a chemical compound using heat. |
| 34 | What is the main chemical compound in limestone? | Calcium carbonate (CaCO3). |
| 35 | What is the word equation for the thermal decomposition of limestone? | Calcium carbonate --> Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide |
| 36 | Which is easier to decompose: copper carbonate or calcium carbonate, and why? | Copper carbonate. Copper is a less reactive metal than calcium. |
| 37 | What is the common name for calcium oxide? | Quicklime. |
| 38 | Quicklime reacts violently with water. What is the word equation for this reaction? | Calcium oxide + Water --> Calcium hydroxide |
| 39 | What is the common name for solid calcium hydroxide? | Slaked lime |
| 40 | What is the name for slaked lime dissolved in water? | Limewater. |
| 41 | What gas can be detected using this solution? | Carbon dioxide |
| 42 | Why are quicklime and slaked lime spread on some fields? | To neutralise acid soils. |
| 43 | Why isn't limestone used for the same purpose? | It is less efficient at neutralising soil acids (it reacts more slowly). |
| 44 | Why is slaked lime safer to use than quicklime? | Slaked lime does not react violently with water - quicklime does.. |
| 45 | Why is limestone added to the blast furnace? | It removes impurities from the iron ore, forming slag. |
| 46 | What are the three ingredients of glass? | Limestone, sand and soda (sodium carbonate). |
| 47 | How is cement made? | Limestone is heated with clay. |
| 48 | What is concrete? | Cement mixed with sand and chippings. The mixture sets hard when water is added. |
| 49 | Why are heavier fractions of crude oil cracked? | Shorter molecules are more useful and more in demand than longer ones. |
| 50 | Cracking produces smaller molecules, some of which are alkenes. What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes? | Alkanes molecules contain only single covalent bonds. Alkene molecules contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. |
| 51 | How is cracking carried out industrially? | The vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a hot catalyst (aluminium oxide). |
| 52 | What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon? | Alkanes are saturated as they contain only single bonds. Alkenes are unsaturated due to their double bonds. |
| 53 | What is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons? | They decolourise bromine water (which starts off coloured brown). |
| 54 | What are the first two alkenes? | 1.Ethene (C2H4) 2. Propene (C3H6) |
| 55 | What is a polymer? | Very long molecules made by joining lots of small molecules (called monomers) together. |
| 56 | What is the name of the polymer formed from propene? | Poly(propene). |
| 57 | What is the name of the monomer used to form poly(styrene)? | Styrene. |
| 58 | Can alkane molecules be joined together to form polymers? | No - alkenes are the only hydrocarbons to form polymers. |
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